Philippine

Refers to the hybrid style and culture of the Philippines reflecting the region's influx of trade and exchange with Chinese, Islamic, and Hindu cultures. Domestic folk arts of the archipelago nation reflect Indianized geometric motifs in textiles, weapons, and containers. Pre-colonial architecture featured megalithic monuments similar to late Tantric east Javanese tjandis. Painting and sculpture in the region reflect Indian erotic imagery, Buddhist images, and ornamental, curvilinear designs. Ceramic styles were often imitations of Chinese Sung Dynasty designs. As a result of Spanish colonialism from the 16th to 19th centuries, art later predominantly reflected Spanish Christian iconography in painting and colonial churches and cathedrals in Neo-Byzantine and elaborate, flamboyant designs. Secular art gained prominence in the later 19th century and followed European or international business aesthetics.